Archive-name: hungarian-faq
Last-modified: 1995/07/07
Version: 1.01
Posting-Frequency: every fifteen days
Hungarian electronic resources FAQ
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1. News and discussion groups in English
1.1 News from the Open Media Research Institute
1.2 News from Central Europe Today
1.3 The Hungary Report
1.4 Hungary Online
1.5 Mozaik
1.6 On USENET
1.7 'Hungary', the LISTSERV list
1.8  , a list for Hungarian-Americans
2. News and discussion groups in Hungarian
2.1 HIX
2.2 Other discussion groups
3. Interactive services
3.1 What's available on the World Wide Web
3.2 Gopher and other interactive services
4. The Net in Hungary
4.1 BITNET/HUEARN
4.2 HUNGARNET
4.3 FidoNet
4.4 Finding out somebody's email address
5. Odds and ends
5.1 Traveling with a computer in Hungary
5.2 Conventions for coding Hungarian accents
5.3 Information sources about the rest of Central and Eastern Europe
6. Contributors to this FAQ
7. How to read this FAQ - what's in there < ~!@#$%^&* >
> ----------------------------------------------------------------------
I know this is very long, perhaps too long for human consumption ;-).
One of the tasks for further editing is to make it more concise,
perhaps drop some parts altogether (I'd like to hear any suggestions).
You can search for the section titles listed above and skip what you
don't want, and many Unix newsreaders would jump ahead to the next one
with Ctrl-G (the format now follows the digest specification)!
------------------------------
Subject: 1. NEWS AND DISCUSSION GROUPS IN ENGLISH
Note: commercial networks -- such as CompuServe or AOL -- may have
their own in-house forums relating to Eastern and Central Europe. Be
aware that those are only open to the subscribers of the particular
service, unlike the discussion groups accessible by anyone via the
Internet and Usenet! This file -- the hungarian-faq -- is primarily
concerned with resources freely available netwide.
------------------------------
Subject: 1.1 News from the Open Media Research Institute
The Open Media Research Institute Daily Digest is available via
electronic mail, at no charge. The Digest covers all of the former
Soviet Union, East-Central and Southeastern Europe and is delivered in
two parts, each roughly 15 kByte in size, Monday through Friday (except
Czech holidays).
You can subscribe by sending <mailto: >.
In the body of the message, type
"SUBSCRIBE OMRI-L Yourfirstname Yourlastname" (leave out the quotation
marks and be sure to substitute your own name where shown).
You can get reposts of just the items related to Hungary by
subscribing to Mozaik. See section 1.5.
------------------------------
Subject: 1.2 News from Central Europe Today
Central Europe Today On-Line is a free daily news service covering the
important events and business news in the region. To subscribe, send
the word SUBSCRIBE <mailto: >. For more
detailed information, send a blank email message
<mailto: >.
Again, these exceed Hungary in scope, but you can get excerpts
pertaining to Hungary in Mozaik (see 1.4).
------------------------------
Subject: 1.3 The Hungary Report
The Hungary Report is a free weekly English-language online update of
news and analysis direct from Budapest each Sunday. The Report consists
of briefs, one feature story and an expert political opinion column.
The briefs cover the most important and interesting developments in
Hungary each week, while the feature stories address variously
politics, business, economics, arts and leisure. The weekly political
column, Parliament Watch, is written by Tibor Vidos, director of the
Budapest office of GJW, a British political lobbying and consulting
firm. To subscribe, send
<mailto: > containing (in the body
of the message, not in the headers) the single word "subscribe" (no
quotes). Or send the word "info" to the same address for further
information.
------------------------------
Subject: 1.4 Hungary Online
This discussion list is a "kind of Internet supplement" to the column
of the same title in Budapest Business Journal; to subscribe, send the
word "subscribe" <mailto: > (you'll get help
from its Majordomo server, if needed).
------------------------------
Subject: 1.5 MOZAIK
This is actually one of the services of HIX, meaning there's a slight
bit of Hungarian mixed in (the posts themselves are mostly in English,
but the server speaks Hunglish ;-)). Mozaik brings you, among other
things, reposts of those news items (originating from OMRI, CET and
other sources) that bear directly on Hungary. You can subscribe by
sending a blank email message to <mailto: > and
unsubscribe by sending one to <mailto: >. See
section 3 about searching the HIX archives.
------------------------------
Subject: 1.6 On USENET
The Hungarian newsgroup in the worldwide hierarchy is
<news:soc.culture.magyar>. It's mostly in English, sometimes
bilingual, and occasionally Hungarian only. The group is archived
by HIX (see its section for 'SCM').
Since May 1995 Hungary has its own netnews hierachy, with the following
groups created so far (hun.lists.* are email gateways):
<news:hun.test>
<news:hun.news>
<news:hun.piac>
<news:hun.comp>
<news:hun.general>
<news:hun.lists.hix.forum>
<news:hun.lists.hix.hunet>
<news:hun.lists.hix.moka>
<news:hun.lists.hix.otthonka>
<news:hun.lists.hix.szalon>
<news:hun.lists.hix.tipp>
<news:hun.lists.hix.vita>
<news:hun.lists.hix.otthon>
<news:hun.lists.hix.guru>
<news:hun.lists.hix.kornyesz>
<news:hun.lists.katalist>
If you can connect to a remote news server (typically by setting the
NNTPSERVER variable under Unix), then you can get hun.* directly from
news.sztaki.hu or news.iif.hu (the former has been more stable
lately). Fetching articles is much faster from a local source - ask
you system administrator if they can get a feed! In the USA the first
provider offering the hierarchy seems to be AltNet,
<mailto: > to find out about that. There is a gopher
interface to news: <gopher://mars.iif.hu:70/11/News> (the full URL to
go straight to the hun.* groups is:
<gopher://mars.iif.hu:70/1exec%3A-g%20hun%3A/bin/gonnrp>). These groups
are also archived by HIX (see its section for 'HUNGROUPS').
There are Hungarian local newsgroups available through
<telnet://ludens.elte.hu>, login with username GUEST (no password), and
enter NEWS to start the newsreader (you can use the VMS online help to
learn about it). The guest account is set up for accessing
<news:elte.diaklap> (students' journal at Eotvos U.), but other
newsgroups are available as well. (But please be considerate to the
strained network resources of Hungarian sites - from abroad for
non-local news use other providers.) For ELTE-specific questions
contact <mailto: >. This server is also accessible
via remote NNTP like the two mentioned above, but is often much slower
than those.
------------------------------
Subject: 1.7 'Hungary', the LISTSERV list
 is a discussion group providing rapid communication
among those with interests in Hungarian issues. Subscribe by
<mailto: > using no subject and a message
consisting only of SUBSCRIBE HUNGARY Yourfirstname Lastname. Once you
have subscribed, any messages which you want to send to the group
should be sent to the group address, <mailto: >.
(This pattern of two addresses is standard: you turn your mail off and
on at the "listserv" address, and you send mail to the listname
address. For example, to unsubscribe, send the server the message
SIGNOFF HUNGARY. You can temporarily turn off you mail by sending
listserv the message SET HUNGARY NOMAIL. SET HUNGARY MAIL turns mail
back on.) By default the listserv sends out messages as they arrive,
maybe several ones on busier days. If you prefer daily digest format,
you can issue the command SET HUNGARY DIGESTS (again by sending it to
the LISTSERV address); alternatively you can subscribe to HUNGARY via
HIX as mentioned in 2.1, and receive the same format as the other lists
by HIX. LISTSERV has many useful features, most notably database search
on the list archives - to learn more about it, send commands like SEND
HELP, SEND HELP DATABASE.
Note that the form of addressing LISTSERV lists such as Hungary may
depend a great deal on your local network configuration and mailer
software. For BITNET mailers you need GWUVM only; the local gatewaying
to BITNET may be BITNET% for VAXMail installations and
 at other places. Ask your local network
administrator first if you're experiencing problems.
------------------------------
Subject: 1.8  , a list for Hungarian-Americans
<mailto: > is a group providing rapid communication
mainly among those living in the USA with interests in Hungarian
issues (it has been created to serve the community mainly at the
University of Maryland and in its vicinity). Subscribe by
<mailto: > using no subject and a message
consisting only of SUBSCRIBE HUNGARY . (Notice that this is distinct
from the older LISTSERV list mentioned in 1.7 that has a broader focus
- 'the HUNGARY list' ususally refers to that latter one!)
------------------------------
Subject: 2. NEWS AND DISCUSSION GROUPS IN HUNGARIAN
------------------------------
Subject: 2.1 HIX
HIX, or Hollosi Information eXchange, is a non-profit formation run
and supported by several individuals and organizations. Its services,
almost exclusively in Hungarian, change frequently, so it is best to
obtain an up-to-date help file by sending a blank email message to
<mailto: > (a recent copy of that also seems to be in
<http://hix.mit.edu/hix/hixcore/senddoc/MAIN/HELP.ALL>; - but please
notice that there are superseded copies scattered in other parts in
the archive on the one hand, and many of the other files in this same
directory are outdated on the other hand; most notably, DO NOT TOUCH
that ancient version of hungarian-faq found there!). Here's a list of
what it currently offers in email digest format:
HIR -- 'Hirmondo', current newspaper survey edited in Budapest
NARANCS -- The Internet edition of the 'Magyar Narancs' weekly
SZALON -- moderated political discussion forum
FORUM -- unmoderated political discussion forum
TIPP -- politics-free questions, tips etc.
GURU -- computer-related questions
RANDI -- moderated personals; anonymous submissions possible
VITA -- moderated non-political discussion forum
OTTHON -- issues around the home
MOKA -- jokes, humor (Hungarian and other)
MOZAIK -- semi-regular bits of news and other info, mostly in
English, crossposts from the OMRI list, VoA gopher, CET
and other sources
HUNGARY -- daily digest of the Hungary LISTSERV list (see 1.7)
The following two are not available for email subscription from
outside Hungary, but are accessible via the SENDDOC interface (or the
'finger  ' service for the latest issues):
SCM -- gatewayed email digest of the Usenet newsgroup
soc.culture.magyar
HUNGROUPS - gatewayed email digest of the hun.* regional newsgroups
Note that KEP (transcripts from the videotext news from Hungarian
Television's Kepujsag) has been suspended indefinitely - despite what
HIX' own HELP says.
To subscribe (unsubscribe) to a particular email-journal, send email
to   ) where NAME is one of the
above.
The postings for the HIX discussion lists are sent out daily in
digested form. You can send your own submission to  ,
whatever NAME is (provided it's actually a discussion list).
The volume for some of these lists is becoming rather high, e.g. TIPP
often digests dozens of messages in hundreds of lines daily! You ought
to try targeting your audience properly in order to find those who'd
help with your questions; also keep in mind that readers often answer
to the list rather than the individual even when personal reply is
requested, so if you ask something it's a good idea to subscribe also
(even though technically it's not required) instead of just addressing
a list as a non-subscriber. A reminder to those who reply to a post:
always remember that list messages get sent to several hundred readers,
so consider personal email if the subject is not of general interest!
If you answer through a list it's courteous to send a personal copy
(Cc: with most mailers) as well - this may reach the addressee
considerably earlier than the post distributed through the list.
Notice the (undocumented) feature of the HIX mail-server: it only
accepts submissions if its address is found in the 'To:' header field!
It would quietly ignore incoming email Cc-d to it, so do not put the
 in the 'Cc:' (you can do so with other addressees).
The HIX server can also send out archived files, see the SENDDOC
function in its description. In case you have any problems or questions
on the HIX services, please read through the automatic help response
first. If you need human intervention you can reach
<mailto: > - but keep in mind that list managers have
to do plenty other than answering things already laid out in the Fine
Manual.
You can also view the output of HIX interactively. See section 3.
------------------------------
Subject: 2.2 Other discussion groups in Hungarian
A number of email lists are available from servers located in Hungary,
for directory see <gopher://HUEARN.sztaki.hu>. There are many college
publications available online as well, check out the links from the HU
homepage (see below).
------------------------------
Subject: 3. INTERACTIVE SERVICES
If you are using Hungarian interactive services from abroad (or vice
versa): please note that interactive Internet connections like gopher
may be very slow, even timing out during peak hours - try times of
lower network load when the response time is usually reasonable.
------------------------------
Subject: 3.1 What's available on the World Wide Web
This document you are reading now is hosted at
<http://hix.mit.edu/hungarian-faq/hungarian-faq>;, and its directory
has a few other documents and several links to other sites of
interest.
The Hungarian Home Page is at
<http://www.fsz.bme.hu/hungary/homepage.html>; with links to the
registered Hungarian www servers, including
- the Prime Minister's Office: <http://www.meh.hu>; (overseas users
please notice that the use of the <http://www.hungary.com/meh/>;
mirror is requested to cut down transatlantic traffic!)
- a weather forecast page (this is updated daily, and includes weather
forecasts, meteorological maps, and METEOSAT satellite images; this
page is in Hungarian)
- home pages of Hungarian cities (currently Budapest, Debrecen,
Miskolc, Pecs, Szeged), and of educational and other institutions
- a comprehensive list of Hungarian telnet services (e.g. library
databases), gopher and ftp sites (3.2). The content of almost all the
Hungarian FTP sites is indexed and can be searched.
HIX has a WWW server in the USA: the URL is <http://hix.mit.edu>;.
Besides back issues of its email journals, and a plethora of other
files in Hungarian and English, it offers an on-line English-Hungarian,
Hungarian-English dictionary (<http://hix.mit.edu/hix/szotar/>; - its
European mirror is at <http://tpri6l.gsi.de/szotar.html>;), and various
home pages and pointers to other sources. Partial mirrors located in
Hungary are <http://www.eunet.hu/eunet/hix/>; (for the Magyar Narancs
archive), and <http://hal9000.elte.hu/hix/>; (for some pictures, and
searching the Radir database - see below).
The Open Media Research Institute has a WWW server, available at
<http://www.omri.cz>;. Available at this Web site are all back issues
of the Daily Digest, tables of contents for Transition, OMRI's
bi-weekly analytical journal, and information about OMRI's activities
and staff.
The World Wide Web server of Central Europe Today is at the URL
<http://www.eunet.cz>;.
Find back issues of the Hungary Report on the World Wide Web at
<http://www.yak.net/hungary-report/>;. The Hungary-Online archive is
available from <http://www.yak.net/hungary-online/>; as well.
A new directory server <http://www.hungary.com/hudir/>;
catalogize hierarchically the growing number of Hungarian Internet
info sources. There is a similar collection at
<http://www.glue.umd.edu/~gotthard/hir.html>;.
There is a "Foreign Languages for Travellers" collection of essential
Hungarian expressions with English, German and French explanation,
complete with sound at
<http://insti.physics.sunysb.edu/~mmartin/languages/hungarian/hungarian.html>;.
The American Association of Young Hungarians (AAYH) has its homepage
at <http://www.jvnc.net/~kerekes/>;.
There are some nice pictures from Hungary at
<http://wwwvms.utexas.edu/~HRISTOS/index.html>;.
------------------------------
Subject: 3.2 Gopher and other interactive services
HIX has a server in the USA: <gopher://hix.mit.edu>. Its services
form just a subset of what it offers as a WWW site. RaDir is sometimes
useful for finding email-addresses, old or new friends on the Net. See
also Section 4.4.
HIX has a gopher in Hungary as well:
<gopher://hix.elte.hu/11/HIX/HIX>, and another mirror at
<gopher://gopher.bke.hu:71/11/hix> (notice that this latter uses a
non-standard Gopher port number). Check also <gopher://gopher.elte.hu>
and <gopher://gopher.sztaki.hu>. Note that gopher is essentially
text-based (thus less satisfying than the Web) but often faster
(therefore less frustrating).
CET's gopher is called <gopher://gopher.eunet.cz>.
HIX documents from the archives of hix.mit.edu are available via the
(Unix) 'finger' protocol. Try 'finger  ' to see how it
works. This may be the easiest and fastest access from some sites.
There is an electronic library at
<gopher://gopher.bke.hu:71/11/elibhu/> (notice the non-standard port)
that has much Hungarian text material, including some classical
poetry.
------------------------------
Subject: 4. THE NET IN HUNGARY
Overview: historically, ELLA was the first home-grown X.25
email-system in Hungary. It survives till this very day. EARN was next,
with its BITNET-like infrastructure (4.1). Full Internet connectivity
is provided by HUNGARNET (see 4.2), which really comprises all
academic, research and public non-profit sites.
Here's a partial list of its domain names:
bme.hu Technical University of Budapest
sztaki.hu Computer and Automation Research Institute, Budapest
elte.hu Roland Eotvos University of Sciences, Budapest
bke.hu Budapest University of Economic Sciences
sote.hu Semmelweis University of Medical Sciences, Budapest
abc.hu Agricultural Biotechnology Center, Godollo
gau.hu Godollo Agricultural University, Godollo
klte.hu Kossuth Lajos University of Sciences, Debrecen
jpte.hu Janus Pannonius University of Sciences, Pecs
u-szeged.hu Members of the Szeged University Association
bgytf.hu Gyorgy Bessenyei Teachers Training College
uni-miskolc.hu University of Miskolc
kfki.hu Central research Inst. of Physics, Budapest
vein.hu University of Veszprem, Veszprem
bdtf.hu Berzsenyi College, Szombathely
szif.hu Szechenyi Istvan College, Gyor
blki.hu Balaton Limnological Res. Inst. of Hung. Acad. Sci.
A schematic map of its topology ('HBONE'):
EBONE EMPB EMPB EBONE
^ ^ ^ ^
| | | |
| | Microwave center ======= IIF Center ------- Miskolci Egyetem
| | Budapest / Budapest Miskolc
| | // || \\ / // |
| | // || MTA-KFKI / // L--------------- BGYTF
| | // MBK Budapest // | Nyiregyhaza
| | // Godollo // |
| BME MTA-SzTAKI// L--------------- KLTE
| Budapest ########## Budapest | Debrecen
| *** |
| *** L--------------- GAMF
L------BKE | Kecskemet
Budapest |
# \ L---------- Veszpremi Egyetem
# \ | Veszprem
ELTE \ |
Budapest JATE L--------------- JPTE
Szeged Pecs
LEGEND
*** 100 Mbps FDDI
# 10 Mbps optical cable (Ethernet)
= 2 Mbps microwave
| 64 kbps leased line (that's 0.064 Mbps)
Source: HUNGARNET/NIIF (URL <http://www.iif.hu/hungarnet.html>;)
FidoNet is described in section 4.3, and commercial
networks/email/Internet Providers demand a separate document
('commercial.FAQ'), also see <http://www.sztaki.hu/providers/>;.
------------------------------
Subject: 4.1 BITNET/HUEARN
What follows is a listing of all EARN nodes in Hungary, with contact
info. This information is also available on the following gopher:
<gopher://cc1.kuleuven.ac.be/11/nodeearn/hungary.helpnode>.
HUBIIF11 IIF Department Budapest, Hungary
IIF;Hungarian Academy of Sciences;Victor Hugo 18-22;1132 Budapest
Internet address : hubiif11.sztaki.hu
User Info: Sandor  ;+36 1 1497984
Fax : +36 1 1297866
HUBIIF61 IIF Department Budapest, Hungary
IIF;Hungarian Academy of Sciences;Victor Hugo 18-22;1132 Budapest
Internet address : mars.iif.hu
User Info: Istvan  ;+36 1 1665644
Fax : +36 1 1297866
HUBME11 Technical University of Budapest
Technical University;of Budapest;Muegyetem rkp 9. R. ep;H-1111
Budapest, Hungary
Internet address : atlantis.bme.hu
User Info: Sandor  ;+36 1 4632422
Fax : +36 1 1665711
HUBME51 Technical University of Budapest
Technical University;Muegytem Rakpart 9;H-1111 Budapest
Internet address : bmeik.eik.bme.hu
User Info: Laszlo  ;+36 1 1812172
Phone : +36 1 1812172 ; Fax : +36 1 1166711
HUBPSZ12 Computer and Automation Institute Budapest, Hungary
Computer and Automation Inst;Hungarian Academy of Sciences;Victor
Hugo 18-22;1132 Budapest
Internet address : hubpsz12.sztaki.hu ;
User Info: Sandor  ;+36 1 1497984
Phone : +36 1 1497984 ; Fax : +36 1 1297866
HUBPSZ61 Computer and Automation Institute Budapest, Hungary
Computer and Automation Inst;Hungarian Academy of Sciences;Victor
Hugo 18-22;1132 Budapest
Net Operator: Sandor  ;+36 1 1497986
HUBPSZ62 Computer and Automation Institute Budapest, Hungary
Computer and Automation Inst;Hungarian Academy of
Sciences;Lagymanyosi ut 11;1111 Budapest
Net Operator: Sandor  ;+36 1 1497986
Phone : +36 1 2698283 ; Fax : +36 1 2698288
HUEARN Computer and Automation Institute Budapest, Hungary
Computer and Automation Inst;Hungarian Academy of Sciences;Victor
Hugo 18-22;1132 Budapest
Internet address : huearn.sztaki.hu ;
User Info: Miklos  ;+36 1 2698286
Phone : +36 1 2698283 ; Fax : +36 1 2698288
HUECO University of Economic Sciences Budapest, Hungary
University of Economic Sci;Computer Center;Kinizsi u 1-7;1092 Budapest
Internet address : ursus.bke.hu ;
User Info: Robert  ;+36 1 1175224
Phone : +36 1 1181317 ; Fax : +36 1 1175224
HUELLA Computer and Automation Institute Budapest, Hungary
Computer and Automation Inst;Hungarian Academy of Sciences;Victor
Hugo 18-22;1132 Budapest
Node admin: Gizella  ;+36 1 1497986
Phone : +36 1 1497984 ; Fax : +36 1 1297866
HUGBOX Computer and Automation Institute Budapest, Hungary
Computer and Automation Inst;Hungarian Academy of Sciences;Victor
Hugo 18-22;1132 Budapest
Internet address : hugbox.sztaki.hu ;
User Info: Miklos  ;+36 1 1497532
Phone : +36 1 1497532 ; Fax : +36 1 1297866
HUGIRK51 University of Agriculture Sciences
University of Agriculture;Pater Karoly ut 1;H-2103 Godollo
Internet address : vax.gau.hu ;
User Info: Zoltan  ;+36 28 30200 -1015
Phone : +36 28 30200 -1015 ; Fax : +36 28 20804
HUKLTEDR Kossuth Lajos University Debrecen, Hungary
Internet address : dragon.klte.hu ;
User Info: Robert 
HUKLTE51 Kossuth Lajos University, Debrecen
Kossuth Lajos University;Egyetem Ter 1; PF. 58;H-4010 Debrecen
Internet address : huni7.cic.klte.hu ;
User Info: Zoltan  ;+36 52 18800
Phone : +36 52 18800 ; Fax : +36 52 16783
HUSOTE51 University of Medical Science Budapest, Hungary
University of Medical Science;SOTE;Ulloi u. 26.;1085 Budapest
Internet address : janus.sote.hu ;
User Info: Gabor  ;+36 1 1141705
Phone : +36 1 1141705 ; Fax : +36 1 1297866
HUSZEG11 Jozsef Attila University, Szeged, Hungary
Jozsef Attila University;Computer Centre;Arpad ter 2.;H-6720
Szeged;Hungary
User Info: Ferenc  ;+36 62 321022
Miklos  ;+36
Phone : +36 62 321022 ; Fax : +36 62 322227
------------------------------
Subject: 4.2 HUNGARIAN ACADEMIC AND RESEARCH NETWORK (HUNGARNET)
This information is also available on
<http://www.ripe.net/ripe/hungarnet.html>;.
Organisational Structure:
HUNGARNET is an association and also the computer network of Hungarian
institutes of higher education, research and development, libraries and
other public collections. HUNGARNET funding comes from the R&D
Information Infrastructure Program (IIF) sponsored by the Hungarian
Academy of Science, the National Committee of Technological
Development, the Ministry for Culture and Education and the National
Science Foundation. About 500 organizations have access to HUNGARNET
services. HUNGARNET as an association represents Hungary in
international networking organizations (e.g. TERENA).
Generic Services:
HUNGARNET provides access to the Internet and several other national
network services over leased lines and the public packet switched data
network. Lot of different services (e.g. gopher, ftp, WWW, data bases)
provided by member organizations are available on the net. Centrally
supported and coordinated services are:
- email (internet SMPT, EARN BSMTP, OSI X.400, UUCP, XXX ELLA)
- email gateways between the different email systems above
- distribution services (LISTSERV, news)
- information services (ftp, gopher, WWW servers, data bases)
- directory services (X.500)
- individual accounts and login
External Connectivity:
HUNGARNET is subscriber to EBONE and EMPB/EuropaNET as well. There are
two 64 kbps leased lines to EBONE (Vienna EBS). These two lines should
be upgraded to a single 256 kbps line in the near future. HUNGARNET
uses two 64 kbps interfaces on the EMPB/EuropaNET node in Budapest as
well. These two interfaces should also be upgraded to a single 256 kbps
interface very soon.
Internal Connectivity:
Internal connectivity of HUNGARNET is based partly on the public X.25
service of the Hungarian PTT and partly on the community's private IP
backbone network (HBONE). The kernel of the HBONE infrastructure is in
Budapest, where several important organizations are connected in
different ways (64-256 kbps leased lines, 1-2 Mbps microwave links, 10
Mbps optical Ethernet, 100 Mbps FDDI). Several cities (regional
centers) in the country are also connected to the network via 64 kbps
leased lines (Miskolc, Nyiregyhaza, Debrecen, Kecskemet, Szeged, Pecs,
Veszprem) and 2 Mbps microwave (Godollo). Now there are about 50
organizations directly connected to the backbone and about 50 others
using IP over X.25. The number of the registered, connected hosts is
about ten thousand. There is an ongoing development, new regional
centers (Kaposvar, Keszthely, Szombathely, Sopron, Gyor) and several
organizations in Budapest will be connected subsequently. Many users
do not have IP connectivity yet but are connected to the public X.25
network. There are several services (e.g. individual login, mail,
gopher, news) that are open for traditional XXX/X.25 access.
Contact Persons:
Miklos NAGY <mailto: > - head of the HUNGARNET/IIF
coordination office
Laszlo CSABA <mailto: > - HUNGARNET/IIF technical director
Balazs MARTOS <mailto: > - HBONE project manager
Nandor HORVATH <mailto: > - Local Internet Registry,
.hu top level domain contact
IP address and domain administration: <mailto: >
Network management: <mailto: >
------------------------------
Subject: 4.3 FidoNet
FidoNet connects through sztaki.hu, as indicated above.
There are three FidoNet nodes: Budapest NET (2:371/0); West Hungary
Net (2:372/0); and Tisza NET (2:370/0). If you want to write on the
FidoNet, chances are you already know how. *PLEASE* find out what you
are about to do instead of experimenting with the Hungarian net - don't
add to the problems for the folks in Hungary having to deal with the
underdeveloped phone system and outrageous international tolls ;-<. For
further information I post a Fido-sheet separately from this FAQ, where
there are also telephone numbers and further addresses, but again: try
to verify that you are mailing to a valid address (the BBS situation
may have changed since the copy you are reading got updated - look for
current FIDO listing on the net, or better yet contact the person you
want to reach by other means first)!. If you can send Internet email
and have the FidoNet address, you can write to it by transforming it to
appropriate .FIDONET.ORG format.
Fidonet mail works with Hungarian BBS's but you have to know whom to
reach. I will attempt to maintain a separate Fido posting to Usenet;
please try to make sure you email to a valid address and in particular
avoid using outdated sources on Hungarian BBS's (otherwise your
misdirected trial will burden the Hungarian network coordinator!).
------------------------------
Subject: 4.4 Finding out somebody's email-address in Hungary
The bigger academic domains have on-line directories (CSO phonebooks):
Technical University, Budapest
gopher://goliat.eik.bme.hu/11/engl/tel-adat/hazi-tele
Budapest University of Economic Sciences*
gopher://URSUS.BKE.HU:71/11/kozgaz/telefon
(*under construction)
Semmelweis University of Medical Sciences, Budapest
<gopher://xenia.sote.hu:105/2>
Central Research Inst. of Physics, Budapest
<gopher://sunserv.kfki.hu:105/2>
Members of the Szeged University Association
<gopher://sol.cc.u-szeged.hu:105/2>
Janus Pannonius University of Sciences, Pecs
<gopher://ipiux.jpte.hu:1051/2>
<http://ipisun.jpte.hu/cgi-bin/ph.pl>;
University of Veszprem
<gopher://miat0.vein.hu:105/2>
ELLA also has an on-line directory: <telnet://hugbox.sztaki.hu:203>
(i.e. address a special port). Note that the opening screen uses
special characters for the accented letters but the data records have
combinations of vowel plus ',: or " instead (i.e. searching for
hollo'si would retrieve a record, but hollosi won't)!
If the person has registered him/herself with the RaDir database of
HIX, you might try the following (note, however, that most parts of
RaDir are badly out of date):
- by <gopher://hix.mit.edu/11/HIX/radir> (a link to the same is
offered by <http://hix.mit.edu/hix/>; on the World Wide Web); from
inside Hungary use <gopher://hix.elte.hu/11/HIX/HIX/radir>, or
<http://hal9000.elte.hu/hix/radir.html>; (this last one is a true HTML
search form)). Under RaDir, you'll find the entire database
cross-indexed by search keys.
- by 'finger +whois:"SEARCHWORD"@hix.mit.edu' you can look up records
containing "SEARCHWORD" string in the database
- by email: send a blank message <mailto: >. You'll
receive, in several chunks, the entire database of users, their
electronic and snail-mail addresses, etc. You'll need a decent editor
to search what you're looking for.
If you have some idea what institution to check at, you may find an
online directory service -- many are available, and could be reached
through the Hungarian gophers (or WWW sites) mentioned in section 3.
Try contacting the (electronic) postmaster, usually
 , or using 'finger' to inquire about users.
As a last resort, send in your query to a discussion group. Readers of
<news:soc.culture.magyar>, <mailto: > discussion
list (section 1.7), or some HIX-list (<mailto: > in
particular, see 2.1) may be able to help. Be aware, though, that most
participants are located abroad - especially in the case of the Usenet
group!
------------------------------
Subject: 5. ODDS AND ENDS
------------------------------
Subject: 5.1 Traveling with a computer in Hungary
The electricity is 220 V, 50 Hz. The frequency, in fact, fluctuates a
lot, but it doesn't cause any problem when operating computer devices.
(Don't trust too much your plug-in clock radios though.) If you are
from any country running on 110 V or around, due to complications in
voltage conversion, a battery driven laptop or notebook is your best
bet. However, if you decide to take your desktop system, printer, etc.,
you have a good chance that the device can also be operated on 220 V.
Check it first before you go through unnecessary trouble. If not, you
have to apply 220 V to 110 V AC converters (you might need more than
one; check the power ratings of your devices & converters). WARNING!
Your converters should be designed for *electronic/motorized devices*.
Refuse any converter for *heating appliances* even if its power rating
is much higher! These converters are not real transformers, and can
cause major damages to your electronic devices.
Also make sure you are able to connect to the Hungarian grounded power
outlet, because that's what's recommended for your appliances.
Therefore you should try to find grounded plug adapters and/or voltage
converters. Connecting to ungrounded outlets causes possibly no harm,
but for your own & your devices' safety grounded connections should be
preferred.
------------------------------
Subject: 5.2 Conventions & standards for coding Hungarian accents
------------------------------
Subject: 5.2.0 Introduction & section overview
During the evolution of teletypes and computers, two character tables
survived, acquiring major importance in later computer systems. One is
EBCDIC, primarily used in ancient IBM mainframes. The other one, ASCII,
can be considered today's ubiquitous standard in computing worldwide.
The rest of this section, therefore, pays attention to ASCII code, very
unfairly ignoring EBCDIC, since none of the accent conversion programs
support neither this code table nor the CMS environment.
Since the language of computing has been English from the beginning,
the original ASCII table was limited to the characters used in English:
letters of the Latin alphabet, a few punctuation marks and some other
special symbols. Since the number of all these characters, plus the
unprintable "control" characters (located in the first 32 positions of
the ASCII table, responsible for different control functions) doesn't
exceed 128, the real 'brilliant' idea of representing the ASCII table
in 7 bits spread like wild fire all over the computer world. No wonder,
that most of the Internet mailers and Usenet hubs are also set up to
forward documents in 7-bit ASCII only. (Read the rest of the section
carefully to learn how to overcome these problems.) As computing and
word processing started to rise up in the rest of the world, there was
an increasing demand to represent these national characters as well. (A
good example is Hungarian. The extra consonants [nonexistent in
English] are formed by merely juxtaposing 2 (or 3 in case of dzs)
regular Latin characters; so there is no problem here. However, the
special vowels of the language are denoted by applying different
accents on the Latin 'base-vowel', introducing new characters, the so
called accented vowels.) It's an obvious idea to place these national
characters and other fancy symbols utilizing codes 128 to 255, still
remaining within the byte limit. Different character sets have been
created by defining purpose- or language-specific characters for the
upper half of the table, while keeping the 7-bit ASCII codes unchanged.
(Note: Some character sets also re-use codes between 0 and 31, the
domain of ASCII control characters, keeping some, or none of them.
Using these codes, however, is pretty difficult, device- and
implementation-dependent, etc. Therefore it wouldn't be wise to put
accented characters here, but fortunately none of the sets listed below
did it actually.) Hopefully Unicode will ultimately stop this
confusion, but until then there's a long long way to go.
At this point let's clarify the terminology:
.. ASCII (also 7-bit or plain ASCII) data:
Usually text (but not necessarily, see 5.2.5.1.), containing only 7-bit
ASCII characters, including the control ones.
.. 8-bit (extended) ASCII data:
Text containing the uniform 7-bit ASCII characters, plus special
characters (with code greater than 127) according to one of the 8-bit
character sets.
.. Binary data:
Non-text data (executables, pictures, etc.) containing any 8-bit value.
The different kludges accepted by Internet users to denote accented
vowels in 7-bit ASCII are described in 5.2.1. The most important
extended ASCII character sets are introduced in 5.2.2. 5.2.3 shows the
accented character representations used by high-level formatting
languages. The correct ways of transferring files among word processor
[on the Net] are detailed in 5.2.4. If the data to be transferred is
not 7-bit ASCII, 5.2.5 tells you what to do. Last, but not least, 5.2.6
introduces the programs in the HIX archives (and mentions some others)
that address the problem of conversion between the various types of
accent representation.
------------------------------
Subject: 5.2.1 House rules for plain (7-bit) ASCII
If you are limited to the use of 7-bit ASCII, you have essentially the
following choices to deal with the accented characters:
5.2.1.0 No accent marks at all
Simple and sure-fire. In fact, the most common 'solution'.
5.2.1.1 The '~" coding (also called "marking notation" or "Babai-code")
[Sometimes nicknamed as _repu~lo"_.]
Here's a sample:
O~t hu"to"ha'zbo'l ke'rtu~nk szi'nhu'st
a'rvi'ztu"ro" tu~ko~rfu'ro'ge'p
O~t sze'p szu"zla'ny o"ru~lt i'ro't nyu'z
or, in the alternative ':" _repu:lo"_ format:
O:t hu"to"ha'zbo'l ke'rtu:nk szi'nhu'st
a'rvi'ztu"ro" tu:ko:rfu'ro'ge'p
O:t sze'p szu"zla'ny o"ru:lt i'ro't nyu'z
Quite readable, though a bit tricky to disambiguate mechanically:
remember, the " or : or ' may also serve as punctuation marks. (This
problem can be handled using Maxent's escaping capabilities, see
5.2.6.6.)
Warning! Don't get confused: in TeX (see 5.2.3.1) " denotes umlaut!
5.2.1.2 The 123 coding (also "numerical notation" or "Pro1sze1ky-code")
Here's the same text:
O2t hu3to3ha1zbo1l ke1rtu2nk szi1nhu1st
a1rvi1ztu3ro3 tu2ko2rfu1ro1ge1p
O2t sze1p szu3zla1ny o3ru2lt i1ro1t nyu1z
The only one that's both short and unambiguous, though it takes some
getting used to. 1 stands for the stroke, 2 for the short umlaut, 3 for
the 'Hungarian' or long umlaut (double acute). Very easily converted to
other formats. (Also can be ambiguous, though with much smaller
probability. E.g. U2, CO2,  , etc.)
5.2.1.3 Telegraphic style. For example,
Oet huetoehaazbool keertuenk sziinhuust
aarviiztueroe tuekoerfuuroogeep
Oet szeep szuezlaany oeruelt iiroot nyuuz
Avoid it like the plague because
1. It's ambiguous. (Think of Goethe, Oetker, Eoersi, Csooori, poeen.)
2. Coding of o" & u" (o3 & u3) is not consistent:
u3 = ue (fallback to u2), uue, uee, ueue
3. Absolutely not a pleasure to read.
------------------------------
Subject: 5.2.2 Fancy 8-bit character sets (extended ASCII)
The following rollcall lists the most important character sets
supported by the majority of hardware and software, including the
accent conversion programs. The available Hungarian accented characters
are detailed for each set.
Notes:
Henceforth when referring to an accented character, the numerical
(Pro1sze1ki) notation will be used to maintain clarity.
5.2.2.1 PC-codepages
(*) PC-437: Hardware
The basic hardware character set of PC-compatible systems. Since it
was supposed to contain many symbols (line drawing characters, some
Greek letters, etc.), and be general, it's pretty poor in terms of
accented characters. Missing Hungarian vowels: o3, u3 [substitute them
with o^ & u^], A1 [substitute it with A-circle], I1, O1, O3, U1, U3.
(*) CWI recommendation for Hungarian accents:
A standard initiative to replace the many house rules of character code
assignment for accents unavailable in PC-437. Codes are assigned as
follows:
o3->147 [o^], u3->150 [u^], A1->143, I1->141 [i`] or 140 [I^],
O1->149 [o`], O3->167, U1->151 [u`], U3->153 [y~]
(*) PC-850: Multilingual
Contains all the accented vowels but ?3. Substitute them with ?^.
Note: ? means o, u, O or U.
(*) PC-852: Latin 2
Contains all the accented vowels. Try to use this if available.
(*) PC-860: Portuguese
(*) PC-863: Canadian-French
(*) PC-865: Nordic
These sets miss various Hungarian accents, esp. in upper case. Using
them for a Hungarian text makes absolutely no sense.
5.2.2.2 ISO character sets
These character sets are specified by ISO standards. As far as ALL
(not only Hungarian) accented vowels concerned, ISO 8859/1, 2 & 9 is
equivalent to Windows Latin 1, 2 & 5 respectively.
(*) ISO 8859/1:
(*) ISO 8859/3:
Contain all the accented vowels but ?3. Substitute them with ?^.
(*) ISO 8859/2:
Contains all the accented vowels. Try to use this if available.
Fonts for iso-8859-2 (and some other) character sets can be found at
<ftp://ftp.tarki.hu/pub/font/> for various operation systems, and at
<ftp://almos.vein.hu/ssa/kbd_es_font/> (mirrored at
<ftp://ftp.vma.bme.hu/pub/ssa/kbd_es_font/> and
<ftp://ftp.tarki.hu/pub/ssa/kbd_es_font/>) mostly for Unix. There is
material for Hungarianizing the Linux (and possibly other Unix variant)
operation system at <ftp://ftp.tarki.hu/pub/magyar/linux/>.
5.2.2.3 Others
The following character sets are supported by various laser printers.
Roman-8 bears special importance as being the default character set of
many printers.
(*) Ventura International & Roman-8:
(*) MC Text:
Contain all the accented vowels but ?3. Substitute them with ?^.
------------------------------
Subject: 5.2.3 Text formatting languages
The text formatting languages listed below, beyond their powerful text
formatting capabilities, also include the specification of [almost] all
the accented characters. These languages give an alternative way of
dealing with accents in 7-bit ASCII, especially if the software that
can display, print or convert these representations is available.
[Unlike notations in 5.2.1, the "raw" files of these languages are not
intended to be read by ordinary users.]
5.2.3.1 [La]TeX.
Invented by D. E. Knuth, TeX (pronounce as [tech]; 'X' denotes the
Greek letter 'chi'), and the macro collection based on it, LaTeX, are
today's most popular text formatting languages for document creation
and DTP.
To continue with the same example,
\"{O}t h\H{u}t\H{o}h\'{a}zb\'{o}l k\'{e}rt\"{u}nk sz\'{\i}nh\'{u}st
\'{a}rv\'{\i}zt\H{u}r\H{o} t\"{u}k\"{o}rf\'{u}r\'{o}g\'{e}p
\"{O}t sz\'{e}p sz\H{u}zl\'{a}ny \H{o}r\"{u}lt \'{i}r\'{o}t ny\'{u}z
This is meant to be printed with TeX or previewed as a dvi file.
Wholly unambiguous, can be automatically converted to/from several
other formats (see 5.2.6). Also check the babel system for LaTeX with
the Hungarian specific option, available from FTP sites kth.se or
goya.dit.upm.es.
5.2.3.2 HTML (HyperText Markup Language)
Unfortunately, the HTML-2 standard still does not contain notation for
Hungarumlaut (long umlaut, double acute). We use tilde or circumflex
instead. The preferred notation is o with tilde õ and u with
circumflex û. In the example above,
Öt hûtõházból kértünk
színhúst
árvíztûrõ
tükörfúrógép
Öt szép szûzlány õrült
írót nyúz
5.2.3.3 RTF (Rich Text Format)
This standard is widespread among Microsoft word processors. For
non-ASCII characters it uses the following coding:
\'XX
where XX is the code of the given ISO 8859/2 (or PC-852 for Word for
DOS) character in hexadecimal.
5.2.3.4 Adobe PostScript
It is a universal standard for describing any kind of graphics,
including fonts, but it is aimed at producing the final (typically
printed) copy of documents and not at word-processing per se. For a
starter document see <http://www.adobe.com/PS/PS-QA.html>; or
<ftp://wilma.cs.brown.edu/pub/comp.lang.postscript/FAQ.txt> or
<ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet-by-group/comp.answers/postscript/faq/part1-4>.
If one has the right accented fonts sets then, in theory, the output is
transferable between different machines - but often we run into hurdles
in practice.
------------------------------
Subject: 5.2.4 Microcomputer products: The word processors
Different word processors on different microcomputers use several
proprietary internal control sequences to handle accented characters,
as much as other symbols, and other text formatting commands. If you
want to transfer a document like this, you have to convert this [very
probably] binary file (8-bit ASCII with all kinds of binary crap) to
text (7-bit ASCII), see 5.2.5.1, unless your mailer can handle binary
directly, see 5.2.5.2. Make sure, however, that the recipient of your
document also possesses the same or equivalent word processor, or a
word processor supporting the format you used.
It might happen that you want to use your document in another word
processing system, or a plain text editor. Today's word processors
offer conversion to a few formats, and also pure text with different
character sets (5.2.2). The resulting file, if necessary, can be
converted further to 7-bit ASCII as shown in 5.2.6. (The output is
already 7-bit ASCII in Microsoft's RTF, see 5.2.3.3.)
------------------------------
Subject: 5.2.5 Switching binary to ASCII and vice versa
5.2.5.1 Uuencode & uudecode
The easiest and most popular way of conversion between binary and
ASCII is the use of the twin sisters uuencode and uudecode. These
programs were created originally for Unix ('uu' stands for Unix to
Unix), but today they are implemented under most platforms.
Uuencode makes an ASCII file out of a binary one, forming 61 character
long lines to avoid problems excessively long lines can cause in the
different mailer agents. This conversion increases the size of the file
by 40%. Warning! Understand the really goofy usage of uuencode. The
parameters specify the local & remote BINARY filenames respectively.
The encoded ASCII result is sent to the standard output, it has to be
redirected into a file explicitly. (E.g. uuencode myface.gif myface.gif
> myface.uue )
Uudecode converts the encoded ASCII file back to binary. It is smart:
using the "begin" and "end" tags placed in the encoded file, uudecode
is able to retrieve the encoded information automatically discarding
everything before and after the tags (headers, signatures, other junk),
even if it's inserted in the middle of the Encyclopedia Britannica. Its
usage is also simple: only the input filename has to be specified; the
original filename is restored from the "begin" tag. (E.g. uudecode
yourface.mal )
5.2.5.2 MIME support
Many modern mailers support the MIME (Multipurpose Internet Mail
Extensions) standard being able to transfer different file formats
beyond plain text. In this case the ASCII/binary conversion is the
mailer's internal affair. Some mailers make explicit calls to uuencode
and uudecode, some others (e.g. PINE) have different built in
conversion algorithms, trying to choose the most appropriate one for
the given binary file. (One type of MIME encoding substitutes an
unprintable character by its code in hexadecimal, preceded by an =
sign. That's why you often see them splattered around.) In either case,
however, the user is not responsible for the conversion, the mailer
takes care of it automatically.
5.2.5.3 Binhex
BinHex files are 7-bit ASCII text files, typically used for encoding
Macintosh binaries. Conversion is done by various applications, see eg.
<ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet-by-group/comp.answers/macintosh/general-faq>.
------------------------------
Subject: 5.2.6 Translating between various accent formats
From the HIX archives (see section 3) the following programs are
available. The regular location is
<http://hix.mit.edu/hix/hixcore/senddoc/info/programs/>;, though
you should also check <http://hix.mit.edu/hix/hixcore/senddoc/new/>;
for updates. At the time of this writing the SENDDOC archive is
extremely ill-organized and outdated in many parts, including,
unfortunately, the 'new' directory.
Warning! From abroad always access the HIX archives via
<http://hix.mit.edu/hix/hixcore/senddoc/>;,
<gopher://hix.mit.edu/11/HIX/senddoc>,
<mailto: >, or 'finger  '
(the latter only works for text, and you may have to redirect it to a
pager or file). The mirror at <gopher://hix.elte.hu> is updated only at
certain periods of time, also there is a limited bandwidth on the lines
connecting Hungary to the world (see section 4).
5.2.6.1 ekezettelenites
Gabor Toth's UNIX shell script for deleting unwanted accents from mail
files.
5.2.6.2 etex
Gabor Toth's shareware C source code for converting the marking or
numerical accent notation to TeX-format. It also claims to be capable
of hyphenation. Supports the UNIX platform.
5.2.6.3 hion
Peter Verhas's C source code. It's an improved version of etex, as it
reduces the probability of incorrect hyphenation with some built-in
exception library. Hion is able to do the conversion between the
numerical (or, redefining each accent mark, also the marking) accent
notation & TeX-format, and remove accents if the input is an accent
notation. Read his documentation. Supported platforms: VMS, MS-DOS,
UNIX. Available from <ftp://ftp.tarki.hu/pub/magyar/TeX/hion.tar.gz>
or <ftp://ftp.digital.bme.hu/hion/>.
5.2.6.4 drtc.c
Peter Verhas's freeware C source code for conversion between RTF (Rich
Text Format), character sets ISO 8859/2 (Latin 2), PC-852 (Latin 2)
and CWI. The program attempts to find out the inbound format
automatically. The outbound format can't be RTF. Supported platforms:
VMS, MS-DOS, & possibly UNIX.
5.2.6.5 hun.c
Gabor Ligeti's freeware C source code for accent removal and
conversion between the marking & numerical accent notation, TeX-format
and PC-852 (Latin 2) codepage. Warning! Conversion capabilities are not
orthogonal, type hun /? for the supported conversions. No platform
limitations are indicated.
5.2.6.6 MAXENT.UUE_V6.0a
Peter Csaszar's freeware C source code compressed with pkzip & encoded
with uuencode (see 5.2.5.1). Warning! As of 6/12/95, the HIX gopher's
/HIX/SENDDOC/info/programs directory still contains 'maxent.c', the
very old version V1.4 of Maxent. Don't touch this file, go for version
V6.0a, currently in <http://hix.mit.edu/hix/hixcore/senddoc/new/MAXENT.Z>;.
Maxent provides 100% orthogonality in conversion between any of the
accent notations listed in 5.2.1 but telegraphic style, and any of the
character sets listed in 5.2.2, allowing multiple notations in the
input file. The domain of conversion includes 6 vowels and 6 accent
types, applying therefore a house rule extension of the marking and
numerical accent notations. (Hoping that this extension becomes widely
accepted, no longer remaining a house rule.) Language accent profiles
other than the default Hungarian can be selected. Further accent
services include accent notation escaping & de-escaping (see 5.2.1.1),
and flexible substitution of the o3 etc. characters.
Beyond some little services, the rest of the major features provide
comprehensive retabulation strategies, full newline conversion
capabilities and script file execution (ideal for maintaining mail
folders after download).
The help given by the program can be saved into a file by typing
maxent -h0 > maxent.hlp . Print this file for fancy bedtime reading.
Maxent supports only the MS-DOS environment, and should be compiled by
a Borland C compiler. This is the sacrifice for the extensive services
provided.
5.2.6.7 ekezet.dot
Via anonymous <ftp://bme-tel.ttt.bme.hu/pub/income/ekezetes/>, you can
find Kornel Umann's WinWord template capable of many kinds of
conversion. Also find other goodies in the directory above.
5.2.6.8 hixiso
Olivier Clary's Unix scripts for converting accented text appearing
on HIX are at <ftp://almos.vein.hu/ssa/kbd_es_font/hixiso.tar.gz>.
------------------------------
Subject: 5.3 Information sources pertaining to the rest of Central Europe
This section is by no means to be comprehensive. For a big but dated
(1992) list see
<gopher://poniecki.berkeley.edu/00/archives/polish.archives/Network/EE-MotherLi
st>.
Both OMRI and CET cover the general region in their news. See Section
1.1 and 1.2, respectively.
To complement the HUNGARY list (see Section 1.7), at the same listserv
at Buffalo there exist the Middle European discussion list MIDEUR-L as
well as POLAND-L and SLOVAK-L. Send the usual command to
<mailto: > (or simply  on
BITNET):
SUBSCRIBE listname-L Yourfirstname Yourlastname.
On Usenet there is soc.culture.romanian, soc.culture.czecho-slovak,
soc.culture.polish, and the gatewayed bit.listserv.mideur-l and
bit.listserv.slovak-l; bit.listserv.hungary has been established, but
many sites do not have it. The surest way to receive everything is via
email. If you prefer using Usenet newsreaders you find HIX's HUNGARY
digests posted to soc.culture.magyar (which group does not seem to
suffer the poor propagation affecting some of the bit.listserv
groups). Please notice that while the listserv groups are
bi-directionally gatewayed, i.e. posts to them get propagated back to
the original mailing list, the posts coming from HIX to
soc.culture.magyar are mere copies of the mailing list messages - do
not reply to the newgroups since your answer won't reach the email
readers (who constitute a likely large majority).
Speaking of limitations of distribution be aware that some commercial
Internet connection providers (most blatantly American Online)
established their own groups with topics overlapping existing Usenet
hierarchy. The utility of these local groups is seriously limited since
they are, unlike the open real Usenet newsgroups such as those
mentioned above, unavailable to anyone but their own subscribers (i.e.
a small domestic fraction of all the Internet/Usenet users worldwide).
Please do not post to non-local groups saying how nice would be to use
these specialized forums - we can not. Use the newsgroup
soc.culture.magyar or the mailing lists!
The Central European Regional Research Organization (CERRO) can be
joined at <mailto: > with the command
SUBSCRIBE CERRO-L Firstname Lastname. This is a scholarly group that
deposits papers and the like in an electronic archive in Vienna. The
archive is accessible with anonymous <ftp://wu-wien.ac.at>, or with
<gopher://gopher.wu-wien.ac.at>.
The Eastern Europe Business Network  ) is
primarily remarkable for its size (1700+ subscribers). Messages tend to
be brief bursts of announcements, questions and, unsurprisingly, calls
for or queries about business. The list is administered by Yale's Civic
Education Project (Chris Owen, <mailto: >). To
subscribe, send a message to the address
<mailto: > that has
subscribe e-europe YourFirstName YourLastName
in its body.
The repository for Voice of America material, accessible with
<gopher://gopher.voa.gov>, also contains some information and news
items relevant to the region.
Check the NATO archive for goodies: <gopher://gopher.nato.int>.
The Slovakia Document Store will answer all your questions about
Slovakia: on the World Wide Web, <http://www.eunet.sk>;, via
<gopher://gopher.eunet.sk>, via <ftp://ftp.eunet.sk/slovakia/>, via
gophermail: send a message with Subject: HELP
<mailto: >.
------------------------------
Subject: 6. CONTRIBUTORS TO THIS FAQ
(the order is alphabetical by last name)
Beke Tibor <mailto: > general layout, 2.1, 5.3
Bruner, Rick <mailto: > 1.3
Csaszar Peter <mailto: > 5.1, 5.2
Fabian Peter <mailto: > 3.1, 4.1, 4.4
Fekete Zoli <mailto: > much of the rest
Hewes, Cameron <mailto: > 1.2
Hollo Kriszta <mailto: > 4.2
Umann Kornel <mailto: > 5.2
Varnum, Ken <mailto: > 1.1
If you have a question or remark regarding some specific section, you
may want to contact its author. The FAQ as such continues to be
maintained by Zoli Fekete <mailto: >. The keeper hereby
expresses the many thanks we all owe to every contributor - and above
all to Tibor Beke who brought about this cooperative effort, and took
upon consolidating the whole (with Peter Csaszar who took over the
next-to-last editing). Still, any errors are the responsibility of
Zoli - who'd like to hear all corrections, recommendations or just
comments readers may have!
Acknowledgement is also due here to Jozsef Hollosi and Arpad Palotas,
for providing webspace to this FAQ on the HIX server and helping to
improve its homepage, respectively.
------------------------------
Subject: 7. How to read this FAQ - what's in there < ~!@#$%^&* >
One of these days ;-) there will be a guide here about how to handle
all the strange things that you may see embedded in this text; but in
the meantime, if you don't know yet what URLs are and are not reading a
copy thru a WWW browser that may show a selectable link: just do the
sensible thing and use email to access 'mailto:' addresses, ftp for
'ftp:' and telnet for 'telnet:'...
Updated versions of this document will be in
<http://hix.mit.edu/hungarian-faq/posted>;
or <ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/hungarian-faq>. Notice
that the canonical Usenet archive <ftp://rtfm.mit.edu> is often
overloaded - if you can't get connected try one of the mirror sites (of
which a list by countries can be found in
<ftp://mirrors.aol.com/pub/rtfm/usenet/news.answers/news-answers/introduction>
that is also available thru the RTFM mail-server shown below) - eg.
<ftp://mirrors.aol.com/pub/rtfm/usenet/news.answers/hungarian-faq> in
the USA! You can also retrieve it via <mailto: >
with the command "send usenet/news.answers/hungarian-faq" in the body
of the message, or via 'finger  '.
A brief extract of hungarian-faq, concentrating on the email services,
is also available now
<http://hix.mit.edu/hungarian-faq/hungarian-faq-pointer>; or
'finger  '.
A separate document on network service providers in Hungary
prepared independently by John Horvath <mailto: > is
available via email from its author or via
<http://hix.mit.edu/hungarian-faq/comm-providers>;.
This hungarian-faq is expected to be updated at least every couple of
months, due to the rapid changes occuring on the net. If you are
reading a copy whose 'Last-modified:' date shown on top is older than
that then many parts may be out of date - in this case get the recent
one from the sources listed above, and/or try to convince the
administrator of the site keeping the old copy to freshen it. Please
notice that retrieving from the Usenet archives is likely a lot faster
than asking me personally (and most everything I can answer is already
in here)! If you do write me <mailto: >, then give a
descriptive 'Subject:' line - keep in mind that much of my incoming
email deemed unworthy by me is deleted unread in order to keep up with
the high volume I am receiving (most of it from various mailing
lists). The best way to ensure catching my attention - and to allow
automatized pre-processing - is to start it with 'ZFIX:' (the name my
mail-handler answers to is Zophisticated Free Information eXchange, in
case you were wondering :-)).
--
Zoli  , keeper of <http://hix.mit.edu/hungarian-faq/>;
<'finger  '>
"For my assured failures and derelictions, I ask pardon beforehand of my
betters and my equals in my calling." - Rudyard Kipling
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